一、精萘的危害

1、 The hazards of refined naphthalene

呼吸系統(tǒng)：吸入精萘揮發(fā)的蒸汽，會(huì)刺激呼吸道，引發(fā)咳嗽、咽痛、胸悶等癥狀，長(zhǎng)期接觸可能導(dǎo)致呼吸道炎癥。此外，反復(fù)接觸還可能致使肺部組織纖維化，影響氣體交換，損害肺功能。

Respiratory system: Inhaling the volatile vapor of naphthalene can irritate the respiratory tract, causing symptoms such as cough, sore throat, and chest tightness. Long term exposure may lead to respiratory inflammation. In addition, repeated exposure may also cause fibrosis of lung tissue, affect gas exchange, and impair lung function.

血液系統(tǒng)：精萘?xí)趸t細(xì)胞中的血紅蛋白，形成高鐵血紅蛋白，降低紅細(xì)胞攜帶氧氣的能力，引發(fā)頭痛、乏力、呼吸困難等缺氧癥狀，嚴(yán)重時(shí)可能導(dǎo)致溶血性貧血，造成紅細(xì)胞破裂，血紅蛋白泄漏，進(jìn)而引發(fā)黃疸。

Hematological system: Naphthalene can oxidize hemoglobin in red blood cells, forming methemoglobin, reducing the ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen, causing symptoms of hypoxia such as headache, fatigue, and difficulty breathing. In severe cases, it may lead to hemolytic anemia, causing red blood cell rupture, hemoglobin leakage, and ultimately jaundice.

眼部與皮膚：直接接觸精萘，會(huì)刺激眼睛，造成眼痛、流淚、紅腫等癥狀，甚至損傷角膜。與皮膚接觸可能導(dǎo)致接觸性皮炎，出現(xiàn)紅斑、瘙癢、水皰等，若皮膚破損，精萘更易進(jìn)入人體，加重危害。

Eye and skin: Direct contact with naphthalene can irritate the eyes, causing symptoms such as eye pain, tearing, redness, and even damage to the cornea. Contact with the skin may cause contact dermatitis, resulting in redness, itching, blisters, etc. If the skin is damaged, naphthalene is more likely to enter the human body, exacerbating the harm.

神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)：長(zhǎng)期接觸精萘，可能影響神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能，引發(fā)頭痛、頭暈、失眠、記憶力減退等神經(jīng)衰弱癥狀，高濃度接觸還可能導(dǎo)致抽搐、昏迷等急性中毒癥狀。

Nervous system: Long term exposure to naphthalene may affect nervous system function, causing symptoms of neurasthenia such as headache, dizziness, insomnia, and memory loss. High concentration exposure may also lead to acute poisoning symptoms such as convulsions and coma.

致癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)：國(guó)際癌癥研究機(jī)構(gòu)將精萘列為 2B 類(lèi)致癌物，長(zhǎng)期、大量接觸，會(huì)增加患癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，尤其是鼻腔、咽喉和肺部癌癥。

Carcinogenic risk: The International Agency for Research on Cancer lists naphthalene as a Group 2B carcinogen. Long term and large amounts of exposure can increase the risk of cancer, especially in the nasal cavity, throat, and lungs.

二、工業(yè)場(chǎng)景預(yù)防措施

2、 Preventive measures for industrial scenarios

工程控制：在精萘生產(chǎn)、使用的工廠車(chē)間，安裝有效的通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)，如局部排氣裝置，及時(shí)排出空氣中的精萘蒸汽，降低其在車(chē)間內(nèi)的濃度。生產(chǎn)設(shè)備盡量實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化和密閉化，減少工人與精萘的直接接觸。例如，采用密閉式的精萘儲(chǔ)存罐和輸送管道，防止精萘泄漏。

Engineering control: Install effective ventilation systems, such as local exhaust devices, in the factory workshops where refined naphthalene is produced and used to promptly remove refined naphthalene vapor from the air and reduce its concentration in the workshop. Production equipment should be automated and sealed as much as possible to reduce direct contact between workers and refined naphthalene. For example, using sealed naphthalene storage tanks and conveying pipelines to prevent naphthalene leakage.

管理措施：制定嚴(yán)格的操作規(guī)范和安全制度，要求工人嚴(yán)格遵守。定期對(duì)工人進(jìn)行安全培訓(xùn)，內(nèi)容包括精萘的危害特性、正確的操作方法、防護(hù)措施以及應(yīng)急處理方法等，提高工人的安全意識(shí)和自我保護(hù)能力。同時(shí)，定期對(duì)工作場(chǎng)所的精萘濃度進(jìn)行檢測(cè)，確保其符合國(guó)家職業(yè)衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

Management measures: Establish strict operating standards and safety regulations, requiring workers to strictly comply. Regularly provide safety training to workers, including the hazardous characteristics of naphthalene, correct operating methods, protective measures, and emergency response methods, to enhance their safety awareness and self-protection ability. At the same time, regular testing of naphthalene concentration in the workplace is conducted to ensure compliance with national occupational health standards.

個(gè)體防護(hù)：為工人配備高質(zhì)量的個(gè)人防護(hù)裝備，如符合國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的防毒面具，能有效過(guò)濾精萘蒸汽；佩戴化學(xué)防護(hù)手套，防止皮膚接觸精萘；穿戴防護(hù)服、防護(hù)靴，全面防護(hù)身體。此外，要求工人在工作結(jié)束后，及時(shí)更換工作服，清洗身體，避免精萘殘留。

Personal protection: Equip workers with high-quality personal protective equipment, such as gas masks that meet national standards and can effectively filter naphthalene vapors; Wear chemical protective gloves to prevent skin contact with naphthalene; Wear protective clothing and boots to fully protect your body. In addition, workers are required to change their work clothes and clean their bodies promptly after work to avoid residual naphthalene.

三、日常生活場(chǎng)景預(yù)防措施

3、 Preventive measures for daily life scenarios

選擇替代產(chǎn)品：日常生活中，盡量避免使用含精萘的產(chǎn)品，如部分傳統(tǒng)的衛(wèi)生球。可選擇以樟腦為原料的天然防蟲(chóng)劑，或其他環(huán)保型的防蟲(chóng)、防蛀產(chǎn)品，從源頭上減少精萘的接觸。

Choose alternative products: In daily life, try to avoid using products containing refined naphthalene, such as some traditional sanitary balls. You can choose natural insect repellents made from camphor as raw material, or other environmentally friendly insect and moth prevention products to reduce contact with refined naphthalene from the source.

妥善存放物品：若家中有含精萘的產(chǎn)品，要妥善存放，放在兒童和寵物接觸不到的地方，避免誤食。同時(shí)，將其存放在通風(fēng)良好的地方，減少精萘蒸汽在室內(nèi)的積聚。

Properly store items: If there are products containing refined naphthalene in the home, they should be stored properly and kept out of reach of children and pets to avoid accidental ingestion. Meanwhile, store it in a well ventilated area to reduce the accumulation of refined naphthalene vapor indoors.

應(yīng)急處理：如果不慎接觸到精萘，應(yīng)立即采取應(yīng)急措施。皮膚接觸后，迅速脫去被污染的衣物，用大量流動(dòng)清水沖洗皮膚至少 15 分鐘，并及時(shí)就醫(yī)；眼睛接觸后，立即用大量清水或生理鹽水沖洗眼睛，隨后前往醫(yī)院接受專(zhuān)業(yè)治療。若吸入精萘蒸汽，應(yīng)迅速轉(zhuǎn)移到空氣新鮮的地方，保持呼吸道通暢，如出現(xiàn)呼吸困難等癥狀，應(yīng)立即就醫(yī)。

Emergency response: If contact with naphthalene is accidentally made, emergency measures should be taken immediately. After skin contact, quickly remove contaminated clothing, rinse the skin with plenty of flowing water for at least 15 minutes, and seek medical attention promptly; After eye contact, immediately rinse the eyes with plenty of water or saline solution, and then go to the hospital for professional treatment. If inhaling refined naphthalene vapor, it should be quickly transferred to a place with fresh air, keeping the respiratory tract unobstructed. If symptoms such as difficulty breathing occur, seek medical attention immediately.

通過(guò)采取以上預(yù)防措施，無(wú)論是在工業(yè)環(huán)境還是日常生活中，都能有效降低精萘帶來(lái)的危害，保障人體健康和生態(tài)環(huán)境安全 。

By taking the above preventive measures, the harm caused by refined naphthalene can be effectively reduced in both industrial environments and daily life, ensuring human health and ecological safety.

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